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1.
Cad. saúde colet., (Rio J.) ; 31(1): e30040425, 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1430134

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Head lice, or head pediculosis, is a parasitosis considered a serious public health problem that affects mainly resource-limited countries. Objective To describe epidemiological aspects of the pediculosis capitis in Minas Gerais, in Brazil. Method This systematic review was conducted through the standards established by the Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses (PRISMA). PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases, as well as the gray literature, were searched. Results Nine of 1,167 studies were included, published between 1988 and 2019. These studies reported a total prevalence of parasitosis that ranged from 1.4% to 57.4%. The prevalence of head lice ranged from 0.0% to 66.7% for males and 2.3% to 57.4% for females, thus being higher in black-skinned people (1.4% to 40.3%). Regarding age, the highest prevalence was 10-12 years old (45.3%). As for the characteristics of the hair, there was a greater infestation in people with long (16.0% to 79.5%), wavy (0.0% to 44.7%), dark (0.0% to 36.6%), with low capillary density (35.4%), and thick hair (39.2%). Conclusion Head pediculosis affects both sexes, different ages, and races, representing an important health problem in Minas Gerais, not only due to the presence of ectoparasite but also to the secondary complications that can be generated from this parasitism.


Resumo Introdução A pediculose de cabeça é uma parasitose considerada um sério problema de saúde pública, afetando principalmente países com recursos limitados. Objetivo Descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos da pediculose de cabeça em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método Revisão sistemática conduzida por meio dos padrões estabelecidos pelo Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses (PRISMA). Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, bem como a literatura cinza. Resultados Nove de 1.167 estudos foram incluídos, publicados entre 1988 e 2019. Relatou-se uma prevalência total da parasitose que variou de 1,4% a 57,4%. Ela variou de 0,0% a 66,7% para homens e 2,3% a 57,4% para mulheres, sendo maior em pessoas de cor negra (1,4% a 40,3%). Em relação à idade, a maior prevalência foi de 10 a 12 anos (45,3%). Quanto às características dos cabelos, houve maior infestação em pessoas com cabelos longos (16,0% a 79,5%), ondulados (0,0% a 44,7%), escuros (0,0% a 36,6%), com baixa densidade capilar (35,4%) e fios grossos (39,2%). Conclusão A pediculose atinge ambos os sexos, diferentes idades e raças, representando um importante problema de saúde em Minas Gerais, não só pela presença do ectoparasita, mas também pelas complicações secundárias que podem ser geradas desse parasitismo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Parasitic Diseases , Lice Infestations , Public Health , Ectoparasitic Infestations , Arthropods , Demography , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies
2.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 55: e0553, 2022. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1360812

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and can be carried by different species of triatomines, including Rhodnius neglectus, which is wild, well distributed in Brazil, and has formed colonies in palm trees located in urban areas of municipalities in the state of São Paulo. Chemical control has been routinely used to reduce population density, but each year, there has been an increase in species dispersion and density. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of insects to insecticides used in control. Methods: The reference population was collected from Araçatuba municipality, Nilce Maia. Dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied to the back of the first-stage nymphs, which were biologically synchronized. The control group received pure acetone only. Mortality was assessed after 72 h. Results: The mortality rate with respect to diagnostic dose was 100%. The susceptibility profile observed for this population showed RR50 ranging from 1.76 to 3.632. Conclusions: The populations were susceptible to the insecticides tested. It is possible that the insecticide residual effect on this ecotope has decreased the lifespan, and controlling failures may be the cause of recolonization in this environment.

3.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 54: e07072021, 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1351608

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Since 2013, major Cimex lectularius infestations have been detected in public shelters in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). Due to this, insecticide resistance has been investigated as one of the possible causes for the failure to control bedbugs. METHODS: Cimicids were subjected to bioassays according to the World Health Organization recommendations using deltamethrin and all commercial insecticides available for control of Cimex in Brazil. RESULTS: Cimicids were deltamethrin resistant and presented indicative of resistance to other insecticides, except for propoxur 1%. CONCLUSIONS: The commercial insecticides have a limited effect on bedbug populations, which may justify the unsatisfactory control observed in the shelters studied.


Subject(s)
Animals , Bedbugs , Ectoparasitic Infestations , Insecticides/pharmacology , Brazil , Insecticide Resistance
4.
Rev. patol. trop ; 45(4): 417-424, dez. 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-913334

ABSTRACT

Em 2010 foi criada no Brasil, pelo Ministério da Saúde e pelo Laboratório de Referência em Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz a "Rede de Monitoramento da Resistência de Triatomíneos aos Inseticidas" com vistas a: 1) caracterizar e monitorar a suscetibilidade/resistência das populações triatomínicas brasileiras aos inseticidas, 2) desenvolver métodos destinados ao diagnóstico da resistência dos triatomíneos aos inseticidas e 3) contribuir na avaliação e melhoria das atividades desenvolvidas junto ao controle químico dos triatomíneos. A implantação desta iniciativa, que possui hoje reconhecimento internacional junto a Organização Mundial de Saúde, está apresentada neste trabalho de forma detalhada.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease , Insecticide Resistance , Triatominae
5.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(4): 417-421, July-Aug. 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-755968

ABSTRACT

AbstractINTRODUCTION:

Despite chemical and physical vector control strategies, persistent infestations of Triatoma sordida have been reported in a large part of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and the cause for this is little investigated. We aimed to characterize the deltamethrin toxicological profile in peridomestic T. sordidapopulations from Triângulo Mineiro area of Minas Gerais.

METHODS:

Susceptibility to deltamethrin was assessed in seventeen peridomestic T. sordida populations. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin in acetone (0.2µL) were topically applied on the first instar nymphs (F1; five days old; fasting weight, 1.2 ± 0.2mg). Dose response results were analyzed using Probit software, and the lethal doses, slope and resistance ratios were determined. Qualitative tests were also performed.

RESULTS:

The deltamethrin susceptibility profile of T. sordida populations revealed resistance ratios ranging from 0.84 to 2.8. The percentage mortality in response to a diagnostic dose was 100.0% in all populations.

CONCLUSIONS:

From our results, the lack of resistance to insecticides but persistent T. sordida infestations in the Triângulo Mineiro area may be because of: 1) environmental degradation facilitating dispersion of T. sordida , allowing colonization in artificial ecotopes; 2) operational failures; and 3) complexity of the peridomicile in the study area.These variables are being investigated.

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Subject(s)
Animals , Insecticides , Nitriles , Pyrethrins , Triatoma , Biological Assay , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission
6.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(4): 380-389, July-Aug. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-755970

ABSTRACT

Abstract

In the last 15 years, different types of Triatominae resistance to different insecticides have been reported; thus, resistance may be more widespread than known, requiring better characterization and delimitation, which was the aim of this review. This review was structured on a literature search of all articles from 1970 to 2015 in the PubMed database that contained the keywords Insecticide resistance and Triatominae . Out of 295 articles screened by title, 33 texts were selected for detailed analysis. Insecticide resistance of Triatomines is a complex phenomenon that has been primarily reported in Argentina and Bolivia, and is caused by different factors (associated or isolated). Insecticide resistance of Triatominae is a characteristic inherited in an autosomal and semi-dominant manner, and is polygenic, being present in both domestic and sylvatic populations. The toxicological profile observed in eggs cannot be transposed to different stages of evolution. Different toxicological profiles exist at macro- and microgeographical levels. The insecticide phenotype has both reproductive and developmental costs. Different physiological mechanisms are involved in resistance. Studies of Triatomine resistance to insecticides highlight three deficiencies in interpreting the obtained results: I) the vast diversity of methodologies, despite the existence of a single guiding protocol; II) the lack of information on the actual impact of resistance ratios in the field; and III) the concept of the susceptibility reference lineage. Research on the biological and behavioral characteristics of each Triatominae species that has evolved resistance is required in relation to the environmental conditions of each region.

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Subject(s)
Animals , Insecticide Resistance , Insect Vectors/drug effects , Triatominae/drug effects , Chagas Disease/transmission
7.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(4): 422-426, July-Aug. 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-755973

ABSTRACT

Abstract:INTRODUCTION:

Despite the recommendations by interpretation of resistance ratios obtained in laboratory bioassays, little is known about the actual impact of these results in the effectiveness of vector control activities in the field. In this context, our objective was to determine the mean value of different resistance ratios obtained by laboratory bioassays performed as part of the chemical control strategies of Triatoma sordida in the field.

METHODS:

Field bioassays were developed in Monte Azul and Coração de Jesus (Southeast, Brazil). In each location, samples were formed with three domestic units treated with alpha-cypermethrin 20.0% (Alfatek (r) 200 SC). One day after spraying, 10 fifth-instar nymphs remained in contact with the surfaces treated (adobe with plaster, adobe without plaster, or wood) with insecticide in plastic cones for 72h. Three cones were exposed inside the intradomicile and the peridomicile. The insects in the control group were exposed to an insecticide-free piece of cardboard. Mortality was measured 72h after removal of the insects from the treated surfaces. The tests were realized in triplicate.

RESULTS:

Mortality was 100.0% in all locations, except for Monte Azul; Landinho (96.6%) and Coração de Jesus; Barriguda (96.6%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Although the resistant populations in laboratory tests proved to be susceptible in the field, this observation is not sufficient to suggest that the cut-off points used to justify the resistance ratio should be changed. In this sense, we recommend that laboratory and field bioassays are carried out with a greater number of Triatominae populations to allow more in-depth consideration of the subject.

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Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Insect Vectors , Pyrethrins , Triatoma , Biological Assay , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insecticide Resistance
8.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(2): 157-161, mar-apr/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-746229

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Despite years of efforts towards the elimination of Triatoma infestans in Brazil, residual foci still persist in some areas of the States of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul. The persistence of these T. infestans populations in the country has two different origins of equal concern: operational failures or insecticide resistance. Thus, the objective of this study was to characterize the susceptibility profile of the residual Brazilian populations of T. infestans to deltamethrin. METHODS: The susceptibility reference lineage was derived from Cipein/Argentina. The populations studied were manually collected using a dislodging agent in peridomiciles in the States of Bahia (Novo Horizonte) and of Rio Grande do Sul (Santa Rosa and Doutor Maurício Cardoso). Serial dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied at the dorsal abdomen of first instar nymphs. The control group received only pure acetone. Mortality was evaluated after 72h. Qualitative tests assessed the mortality of a diagnostic dose of 1xLD99 (2.76ng a.i./nymph) determined for the susceptibility reference lineage. RESULTS: The susceptibility profile characterization of the T. infestans populations revealed an RR50 ranging from 1.73 to 3.26. The mortality percentage in response to a diagnostic dose was 100%. The results obtained in the quantitative and qualitative assays corresponded for all populations. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that the persistence of residual foci of T. infestans in Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul is not related to insecticide resistance but may be associated with operational failures. In Rio Grande do Sul, we must consider the possibility of continuous reinfestation by Argentinian individuals, which justifies active and efficient epidemiological surveillance. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors , Insecticide Resistance , Nitriles , Pyrethrins , Triatoma , Biological Assay , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(1): 39-43, jan-feb/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-742971

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Triatoma brasiliensis is the species of greatest epidemiological relevance in the semi-arid region of Brazil. This species is predominantly found in domestic environments, and it has the ability to build large colonies with high levels of natural infection via Trypanosoma cruzi. Thus, T. brasiliensis is one of the most efficient transmitters of Chagas disease (CD) to humans. Despite household spraying with residual insecticides, many areas report persistent reinfestations for reasons that remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the toxicological profile of deltamethrin in T. brasiliensis from areas with persistent reinfestation in State of Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: The susceptibility reference lineage (SRL) was derived from Umari. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied to the dorsal abdomen of first instar nymphs. The control group received only pure acetone. Mortality was evaluated after 72h. Qualitative tests assessed mortality in response to a diagnostic dose of 1xLD99 (0.851 nanograms of active ingredient per treated nymph) of the SRL. RESULTS: The susceptibility profile characterization of the T. brasiliensis populations revealed 50% resistance ratios (RR50) that ranged from 0.32 to 1.21. The percentage of mortality in response to the diagnostic dose was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that T. brasiliensis was highly susceptible to deltamethrin. The control difficulties found might be related to the recolonization of the triatomines originating from neighboring environments and the possible operational failures related to the process of spraying that enabled specimens less susceptible to deltamethrin to survive. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Child , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Health Status Disparities , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Social Class , Causality , Cohort Studies , Employment/classification , United Kingdom/epidemiology , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Logistic Models , Lipoproteins, LDL/blood , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors
10.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 47(4): 426-429, Jul-Aug/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-722301

ABSTRACT

Introduction Triatoma sordida is the most captured Triatomine species in the Brazilian artificial environment. In 2008, the discovery of three Triatomine populations with altered susceptibilities to deltamethrin highlighted the importance of investigating the genetic potential for resistance in triatomines. The purpose of this study was to characterize the susceptibility to deltamethrin of peridomestic T. sordida populations in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods A susceptibility reference lineage derived from Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil was used. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied to the dorsal abdomen of first instar nymphs. The control group received only pure acetone. Mortality was evaluated after 72h. Qualitative tests assessed mortality in response to a diagnostic dose of 1xLD99 of the susceptibility reference lineage. Results Susceptibility profile characterization of T. sordida populations revealed resistance ratios (RR50s) ranging from 0.42 to 3.94. The percentage mortality in response to the diagnostic dose varied from 70% to 100%. A comparison of the results obtained in the quantitative and qualitative assays demonstrated a lack of correspondence for some populations. Conclusions We demonstrated that only T. sordida populations that present a RR50>1.0 have altered susceptibility, and the execution of simultaneous field and laboratory tests is required to understand the actual effect of vector control. A possible cause of the observed resistance ratios might be the continuous use of pyrethroids in Brazil since the 1980s. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors , Insecticides , Nitriles , Pyrethrins , Triatoma , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission
11.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2008. 95 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, ColecionaSUS | ID: biblio-938308

ABSTRACT

A resistência de triatomíneos a inseticidas já foi relatada na Venezuela, Argentina e Bolívia, sendo possível a existência de outros focos em regiões ainda mais amplas. Deste modo, torna-se necessário desenvolver estudos que investiguem a dispersão geográfica desses vetores resistentes, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos, com vistas a elaborar estratégias adequadas às necessidades locais, ou até mesmo que impeçam o aparecimento deste fenômeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar ensaios biológicos para monitoramento de resistência de triatomíneos a inseticidas em laboratório e caracterizar a suscetibilidade de quatorze populações de Triatoma sordida Stal, 1859 de Minas Gerais (Sudeste do Brasil) ao piretróide Deltametrina. A área em que os triatomíneos foram coletados foi submetida ao controle químico por cerca de 30 anos. A linhagem referência de suscetibilidade é oriunda de Uberaba. A metodologia foi orientada pelas recomendações da WHO (1994) e OPS (2005), tendo sido redefinidos alguns detalhes técnicos (dose diagnóstica adequada para triagem de resistência em triatomíneos, local ideal de aplicação do inseticida nas ninfas I, idade e geração dos insetos utilizados). A linha base de suscetibilidade da linhagem referência foi inicialmente determinada. A Deltametrina, solubilizada em acetona, foi aplicada topicamente no dorso do abdômen de ninfas I da geração F2 (cinco dias de idade, jejum, ± 1,2 mg. de peso) com auxílio de uma microseringa.


Os resultados dos ensaios dose-resposta foram analisados com auxílio do programa PROBIT (Finney, 1971). Em seguida, as populações de campo foram submetidas a dose diagnóstica de 1XDL99 da linhagem referência de suscetibilidade e 2XDD99 da linhagem referência de suscetibilidade. Todas as populações apresentaram-se menos suscetíveis ao inseticida quando comparadas com a linhagem referência de suscetibilidade. As razões de resistência encontradas variaram de 2,6 a 6,8. A comparação de um fragmento de DNA de 317 pb do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b (mtCytB) foi usada para inferir sobre a variabilidade genética das quatorze populações de T. sordida estudadas. Inferências filogenéticas, usando P. megistus como grupo externo, não revelaram a formação de clados. Os 150 espécimes analisados apresentaram 50 haplótipos gerando uma diversidade (Hd) de 0,831. Foi possível distinguir seis populações geneticamente diferentes. Análise do Network revelou a presença de vários loops, demonstrando homoplasia e a ocorrência de mutações reversas/paralelas. Com o marcador genético utilizado não foi possível estabelecer correlação entre a variabilidade genética das populações estudadas e a resistência a Deltametrina. Giordano et al. (2005) sugerem que os microssatélites podem ser uma ferramenta mais sensível e eficiente para este objetivo. A possível natureza bioquímica da resistência encontrada está sendo verificada


Subject(s)
Animals , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insecticide Resistance/physiology , Triatoma , Triatominae , Trypanosoma cruzi/parasitology
12.
Belo Horizonte; s.n; 2008. 95 p. ilus.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-664640

ABSTRACT

A resistência de triatomíneos a inseticidas já foi relatada na Venezuela, Argentina e Bolívia, sendo possível a existência de outros focos em regiões ainda mais amplas. Deste modo, torna-se necessário desenvolver estudos que investiguem a dispersão geográfica desses vetores resistentes, bem como os mecanismos envolvidos, com vistas a elaborar estratégias adequadas às necessidades locais, ou até mesmo que impeçam o aparecimento deste fenômeno. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar ensaios biológicos para monitoramento de resistência de triatomíneos a inseticidas em laboratório e caracterizar a suscetibilidade de quatorze populações de Triatoma sordida Stal, 1859 de Minas Gerais (Sudeste do Brasil) ao piretróide Deltametrina. A área em que os triatomíneos foram coletados foi submetida ao controle químico por cerca de 30 anos. A linhagem referência de suscetibilidade é oriunda de Uberaba. A metodologia foi orientada pelas recomendações da WHO (1994) e OPS (2005), tendo sido redefinidos alguns detalhes técnicos (dose diagnóstica adequada para triagem de resistência em triatomíneos, local ideal de aplicação do inseticida nas ninfas I, idade e geração dos insetos utilizados). A linha base de suscetibilidade da linhagem referência foi inicialmente determinada. A Deltametrina, solubilizada em acetona, foi aplicada topicamente no dorso do abdômen de ninfas I da geração F2 (cinco dias de idade, jejum, ± 1,2 mg. de peso) com auxílio de uma microseringa.


Os resultados dos ensaios dose-resposta foram analisados com auxílio do programa PROBIT (Finney, 1971). Em seguida, as populações de campo foram submetidas a dose diagnóstica de 1XDL99 da linhagem referência de suscetibilidade e 2XDD99 da linhagem referência de suscetibilidade. Todas as populações apresentaram-se menos suscetíveis ao inseticida quando comparadas com a linhagem referência de suscetibilidade. As razões de resistência encontradas variaram de 2,6 a 6,8. A comparação de um fragmento de DNA de 317 pb do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b (mtCytB) foi usada para inferir sobre a variabilidade genética das quatorze populações de T. sordida estudadas. Inferências filogenéticas, usando P. megistus como grupo externo, não revelaram a formação de clados. Os 150 espécimes analisados apresentaram 50 haplótipos gerando uma diversidade (Hd) de 0,831. Foi possível distinguir seis populações geneticamente diferentes. Análise do Network revelou a presença de vários loops, demonstrando homoplasia e a ocorrência de mutações reversas/paralelas. Com o marcador genético utilizado não foi possível estabelecer correlação entre a variabilidade genética das populações estudadas e a resistência a Deltametrina. Giordano et al. (2005) sugerem que os microssatélites podem ser uma ferramenta mais sensível e eficiente para este objetivo. A possível natureza bioquímica da resistência encontrada está sendo verificada


Subject(s)
Animals , Chagas Disease/transmission , Insecticide Resistance/physiology , Triatoma , Triatominae , Trypanosoma cruzi/parasitology
13.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 102(4): 517-521, June 2007. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-454807

ABSTRACT

Due to morphological similarities between Triatoma maculata and T. pseudomaculata, which comprise the "maculate complex", both had been regarded as the same species until 1964. Considering that the studies on triatomine hybridization permit hypotheses formulation concerning origin and divergence of species, enabling a quantitative analysis of taxonomic relationships between species, the present investigation was aimed at broadening further understanding related to the capacity of hybrid production by determining the degree of reproductive isolation between T. maculata and T. pseudomaculata. Our results have demonstrated that T. maculata and T. pseudomaculata showed no differences regarding reproduction patterns and they are able to cross, generating infertile hybrids.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Crosses, Genetic , Hybridization, Genetic/genetics , Triatoma/genetics , Infertility/genetics , Triatoma/classification
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